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The symbiont-derived microbial protection for animal hosts against entomopathogenic fungi has also been widely reported in other taxonomic insect clades including bark beetles ( Hulcr et al., 2011) and termites ( Seipke et al., 2012).
The gut bacteria in scarab greatly inhibit the pathogen Bacillus thuringiensis ( Shan et al., 2014). For example, the gut bacterium Lactobacillus kunkeei in honey bee shows significant inhibitory effects on the pathogen Paenibacillus ( Arredondo et al., 2018). In addition, some environmental microbes, especially animal pathogens, interact with the associated microbiota. Thus, increasing numbers of researchers have focused on how the associated microbiota keeps stable under complex environmental factors, especially some biological ones, which tries to illustrate the foundation of microbiota's multifunction.įactors that can influence the stability of associated microbiota in animals mainly include host immunity ( McMillan and Adamo, 2020), host diet ( Tragust et al., 2020 Pan et al., 2021), and inhabited environment ( Kudo et al., 2019 Cini et al., 2020 Nishino et al., 2021).
For example, dysbiosis of gut microbiota accelerates the host's mortality when challenged by pathogens ( Wei et al., 2017 Xu et al., 2019). Dysbiosis of associated microbiota is fatal for animal hosts. They contribute to nutritional provision ( Douglas et al., 2001 Zhou et al., 2017 Noman et al., 2020 Cao et al., 2021 Luo et al., 2021), protection of the hosts against natural enemies ( Kaltenpoth et al., 2005 Koch and Schmid-Hempel, 2011), detoxification of toxic chemicals in food ( Shen and Dowd, 1991 He et al., 2018 Akami et al., 2019), regulation of developmental processes ( Lee et al., 2019), and also mediate host behaviors ( Douglas, 2015 Schneider et al., 2019). Microbes inhabiting on body surface, inside the guts, and in cells of animals establish stable microbial communities and form a close symbiotic association with the animal hosts. They may also contribute to the development of novel biological control agents and pest management strategies. The findings deepened the understanding of the role of associated microbiota–pathogen microbe interaction in maintaining microbiota stability. bassiana conidia and stabilized the associated microbiota of D. Thus, these results indicated that bacterial instead of fungal microbiota blocked B. According to the above results, individual dominant bacterial species were isolated, and their inhibition on conidial germination and mycelial growth of B. bassiana during its invasion, while fungal microbiota did not inhibit conidial germination and mycelial growth of B. Further experiments showed that bacterial microbiota almost completely inhibited conidial germination and mycelial growth of B. antiqua larvae nor did it colonize inside the associated microbiota, and both the bacterial and fungal microbiota kept stable during the interaction. Besides, the underlying mechanism for the response was also preliminarily investigated. Based on the interaction among Delia antiqua, its associated microbiota, and one pathogen Beauveria bassiana, the associated microbiota's response to the pathogen was determined in this study. However, whether and how the interaction would influence microbiota stability is limitedly investigated. Recent studies show that associated microbiota interacts with pathogenic microbes. Given the multiple roles of associated microbiota in improving animal host fitness in a microbial environment, increasing numbers of researchers have focused on how the associated microbiota keeps stable under complex environmental factors, especially some biological ones.
2State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China.1Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Ecology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Ji'nan, China.Fangyuan Zhou 1, Yunxiao Gao 1, Mei Liu 1, Letian Xu 2, Xiaoqing Wu 1, Xiaoyan Zhao 1 and Xinjian Zhang 1 *